Image from web page 104 of “Electrical news and engineering” (1891)

Verify out these electrical discharge grinding images:

Image from page 104 of “Electrical news and engineering” (1891)

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Identifier: electricalnewsen27donm
Title: Electrical news and engineering
Year: 1891 (1890s)
Authors:
Subjects: Electrical engineering
Publisher: Don Mills, Ont. [and so forth.] Southam-Maclean Publications
Contributing Library: Engineering – University of Toronto
Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto

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se) King Ed-ward, 1.231 lb. (153 and 117 per cent, increase) Summit. 1.45111). (7.5 increase three.1 per cent, decrease). With regard to the Summits grown on Plot C, it shouldbe noted that the provide wire from the shed to the dischargewire was passed over this ground, at a height of 8 ft. Other vegetables had been grown, but, owing to late planting,no try was produced to get comparative result. Peas,beans, white turnips, swedes, and beet did properly carrots andonions have been very poor, both in top quality and quantity. Greens did nicely, and it was noticeable that these under electroculturewere not attacked Ijy caterpillar to the very same extent as thoseunder all-natural manage. No manure or fertilizer was utilized. The electrical equipment consisted of a ten in. coil, withmercury break-current interrupter and Lodge valves, housedin a wooden shed, 25 yards from the plot, and an earth plateclose to the plot. No. 30 s.w.g. galvanized steel wires wereused for the discharge, placed 15 ft. apart and hooked to 7/16

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A&ampC. Handle Plots B. Electro-culture Plot D. Shed. E. Earth Plate. ScaleFtK) 75 50 ZS one hundred Feet. Fg. 1—Plan of Ground Employed in. s.w.g. span wire attached to insulators, and the whole sup-ported by six poles. To each of the poles was fixed a wrought-iron bar, which enabled the discharge wire to be placed at anydistance from the ground among two ft. 6 in and six ft. six in.The apparatus was supplied with five amperes at 310 volts d.c,wliich would preserve a spark 54 in. long, when an earth wirewas placed that distance from any element of the discharge net-perform. At the commencement the discharge wire was placed asnear as possible to the ground, and, as the crop grew, raised Hours71- six- 5 ■ n L four- 3- J n If n r 1 ■ r nJ r u ^1 Fig. 2—Diagram showing hours per day discharge used to about six in. above the foliage. hen climate and other con-ditions allowed, the discharge was utilised from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m.and 6 p.m. to eight p.m. everyday, and during dull days in between mid-day and 2 p.m. In all the

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Image from web page 373 of “Journal of electricity, energy, and gas” (1899)

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Identifier: journalofele241251910paci
Title: Journal of electrical energy, power, and gas
Year: 1899 (1890s)
Authors: Pacific Coast Electric Transmission Association
Subjects: Electrical engineering Electricity Gas manufacture and works
Publisher: San Francisco : Technical Pub. Co.
Contributing Library: San Francisco Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: California State Library Califa/LSTA Grant

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ween the energy-houseand the header. The pipe-lines, like the gate and butterfly valves,are 5 ft. inside diameter. They are sheet steel, weldedon the longitudinal seam, and vary in thickness from13/32 in. at the top to 43/64 in. at the reduce finish, was made in Philadelphia, the latter was riveted to-gether on the ground. The pipe-lines are supportedat intervals by concrete carried nicely down into thebedrock. The typical length is 700 ft. The Energy-House. The web site where the energy-home stands was orig-inally a steep mountainside, but was selected as itofifered a excellent strong rock foundation. A coffer-damwas erected, extending into the river to facilitate ex-cavation, which was carried down till all possibilityof any broken surface rock would be eliminated. Thebuilding is 183 ft. 4 in. lengthy and 71 ft. six in. wide. The foundations are of solid concrete under theheavy machinery, but the rear of the creating is sup- 324 ^.A A i! JOURNAL OF Electricity, Energy AND GAS [Vol. XXIV-No. 15 T I I ri: m

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ra^ft^i. 00^ Fi.A/v ^t (T ported on concrete columns and arches, the whole con-stituting a piece of perform calculated to stand for alltime. The heavy concrete function is carried up to themain floor. The structure below the primary floor isdivided longitudinally by a heavy supporting wall andthe front also consists of such a wall. The penstocksand primary water-wheels are carried straight on the con-crete foundation, the draft-tubes passing down throughit and discharging under the front wall. The step-bearings and auxiliaries are carried on an arch floor,which is supported amongst the front and longitudinalwalls, and by transverse walls, although the generatorswhich are on the principal floor are also carried on archessimilarly supported. The creating above the major floor has a steelframe with reinforced concrete walls, which supporta steel truss reinforced concrete slab roof. It is dividedinto two longitudinal bays by a series of steel columns.A 50-ton, electrically-operated traveling crane forhandling

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Image from web page 118 of “Electrical news and engineering” (1891)

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Identifier: electricalnewsen27donm
Title: Electrical news and engineering
Year: 1891 (1890s)
Authors:
Subjects: Electrical engineering
Publisher: Don Mills, Ont. [etc.] Southam-Maclean Publications
Contributing Library: Engineering – University of Toronto
Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto

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th plug, all mounted on a metal base to forma compact unit, which needs but 48 x 20 inches floor space.T!ie lieight more than all is 40 inches. The air compressor is theair-cooled, two-stage type. The low stress cylinder is three x3 inches in size and the higher stress cylinder is IJ^ x 3inches. The operating stress is 300 pounds per square inch,and the capacity of the compressor is four cubic feet per minute.The compressor operates at 250 to 300 r.p.ni. It is providedwith an intake silencer, which muffles tlie intake noise andtends to force air into the intake valve. When the air in themain tank is raised to the appropriate stress the automaticswitch stops the motor and operates the automatic pressurerelease, which opens beginning tank to the atmosphere. Whenthe automatic switch again begins the motor it also closes thepressure release, and the compressor starts pumping againstno pressure. It always begins with no strain. When the airin the starting tank attains a pressure slightly in excess of

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that in the primary tank (requiring about ten seconds) it opensthe check valve and charges this tank till the appropriate pres-sure is reached, when the operations are repeated. A trap isprovided in the starting tank, which extracts any moisture oroil that could be discharged from the compressor, assuringpure, dry air, cost-free from oil. The buffing and grinding head issuitable for wheels of 8-inch diameter. The outfit is equippedwith a a single horse-power Robbins &amp Myers motor, which per-mits the compressor and buffing head to operate at the sametime. Outfits with no this buffing head are equipped witli aone-lialf horse-energy R &amp M motor. New Flood-Lighting Projector for Regular Mazda C LampsA new flood-lighting projector, made for use of 300to 1,000-watt common Mazda C lainps, has been placedon the industry by the George Cutter Organization, South Bend,Ind. It is named the Standard Flood-Lighting Projector.The new unit has the identical common construction features asthe Cutter Universal project

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Image from web page 542 of “Electrical news and engineering” (1891)

Image from web page 542 of “Electrical news and engineering” (1891)

Some cool electrical discharge grinding images:

Image from page 542 of “Electrical news and engineering” (1891)

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Identifier: electricalnewsen31donm
Title: Electrical news and engineering
Year: 1891 (1890s)
Authors:
Subjects: Electrical engineering
Publisher: Don Mills, Ont. [etc.] Southam-Maclean Publications
Contributing Library: Engineering – University of Toronto
Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto

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the energy losses of distribution by maintaining down a leakagefrom the conductor to the insulator pin. The clamps aremade of malleable iron, galvanized by the hot dipping pro-cess. Each halves are alike and interchangeable. The manu-facturers claim that these clamps will not break the glass,as there is but 1 bolt and the covering of the conductor re-ceives the stress that may possibly outcome from unequal expansion. Direct-Current Lightning ArresterA direct existing electrolytic lightning arrester, for volt-age applications up to three,800 volts has been lately devel-oped by the Westinghouse Electric &amp Manufacturing Com-pany. The device contains one to twelve cells and is de-signed for car or station use on railway, energy and lightingcircuits. The building embodies two aluminum platesimmersed in a suitable inorganic electrolyte and supportedfrom a porcelain cover clamped by a zinc ring to a glass jar

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with a gasket placed bctvvcLii the porcelain cover and theglass jar. Hollow concentric cylinders produced from sheet aluminumform the plates, the outer cylinder or plate getting punched andupset at frequent intervals in order to allow free of charge circulation of the electrolyte inside the cell. Balancing resistors areused with arresters of a lot more than one particular cell. The arrestersare floated between the line and ground, so that a leakagecurrent of only a handful of milliamperes passes continually. Thisleakage current serves to preserve the film upon the aluminumplate or plates in proper order. The device is capalble ofpassing a surge present of roughly 1000 amp. at doublenormal voltage when the arrester is functioning and onearrester must be used for each .500 kw. of feeder bus, rotaryconverter or motor-generator capacity to which the arresteris connected. Any voltage in excess of normal line voltageis discharged promptly by means of the arrester. The arrestersare mounted and securely held in asbestos board and w

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Image from page 33 of “Electrical planet” (1883)

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Identifier: electricalworld43newy
Title: Electrical planet
Year: 1883 (1880s)
Authors:
Subjects: Electrical engineering
Publisher: [New York McGraw-Hill Pub. Co., etc.]
Contributing Library: Engineering – University of Toronto
Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto

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ft. in length, it ha- boonanchored at the center of each and every side of the boiler home. A double 20 40 60 80 100 vcys it to any essential point. This is in the nature of a travelingcrane, and its character can be readily understood from Fig. ten. Theashes are discharged in the basement into a pocket of a capacity of28 cu. ft., which travels on an overhead trolley. From this the ashesare dumped into a skip, which elevates them to the ash bin, fromwhich they iie automatically discharged into automobiles as preferred. .All ofthe machinery is operated by direct-existing motors. The coal-hand-ling and ash-conveying systems had been de&gtigned by Heyl and Patter-son, of Pittsburg. Boiler residence No. i in its common attributes is comparable to the onealready described. This includes 16 Cahall boilers, which are pro-vided with grates and gas fired. Coal is utilized whenever the blastfurnace gas is of an inferior quality. Boiler home No. three, which is.south of the pumping station, is 65 . 184 ft. in size. This will con-

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Unl^adtnq Machine-^ ^~^ v s^~nJ: Fig. 5.—Section By means of Ore Dock and Blast Furnaces. bend is provided in each line, connecting a battery with the mainheader to take care of expansion. A really lengthy elbow is provided ateach boiler, which, by closing two valves located in between the headerand the former, can be completely removed to permit the removal oftubes. A monitor in two halves of a bigger diameter than the boileris bolted to the roof more than every. This can be entirely removed forrepairs of what ever nature, and also serves as a ventilator. Allsteam valves 12 in. long or bigger are by-passed. Drips under oper-ating situations are exposed, and eight-in. cast-iron pipe is utilized forblow-offs in the ground -leading to the sewers. Compressed air is tain 32 Cahall boilers gas fired, and will furnish steam to several en-gines in the Bessemer rail mill. As already stated, each and every pair of blast furnaces will have its ownpower home, containing an gear of gas engines for drivingblower engi

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Image from web page 377 of “Journal of electricity, power, and gas” (1899)

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Identifier: journalofele323271914paci
Title: Journal of electrical energy, power, and gas
Year: 1899 (1890s)
Authors: Pacific Coast Electric Transmission Association
Subjects: Electrical engineering Electrical energy Gas manufacture and performs
Publisher: San Francisco : Technical Pub. Co.
Contributing Library: San Francisco Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: California State Library Califa/LSTA Grant

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_■. w.-.rti2najii&gtfe^ j«,£5&ltaitaMBMH Towers at Tiny Falls Showing Rock Anchorages. beneath the supervision of an inspector employed by thepurchaser, who kept a close supervision of the work-manship and produced frequent tests on samples selectedby him. A single of the 50 ft. towers was erected at thecontractors operates for inspection and to prove the cor-rectness of the style was subjected to all the stressesprovided for in the specifications. Ground Wires. Two ground wires are supplied and they are at-tached both mechanically and electrically to the topof the towers. Each ground wire consists of a ^ in.diam., seven strand Siemens-Martin steel cable hav-ing an ultimate strength of about 9000 lb. and anelastic limit of 5500 lb. These ground wires are pro-vided to afford protection from lightning discharges.No matter whether they do or do not furnish this protection theauthor is unable to state, from his personal encounter,but believes that they do. A lot of engineers claim thatowing to the ground wires

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Image from page 398 of “The street railway assessment” (1891)

Image from page 398 of “The street railway assessment” (1891)

A couple of nice electrical discharge wire cutting images I identified:

Image from page 398 of “The street railway assessment” (1891)

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Identifier: streetrailway03amer
Title: The street railway review
Year: 1891 (1890s)
Authors: American Street Railway Association Street Railway Accountants’ Association of America American Railway, Mechanical, and Electrical Association
Subjects: Street-railroads
Publisher: Chicago : Street Railway Evaluation Pub. Co
Contributing Library: Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

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Looking UP THE GRADE. AT THE GREGORY STREET CROSSING. fore built in each and every track, formed of two Z iron beams 8inches deep, set 12^ inches apart, with an I beamextending parallel amongst and as a result forming a doubleconduit in which two groove pulley wheels of 15 inchesdiameter are placed at intervals of 15 feet the I beambeing reduce away on the beneath side where necessary tomake room for the pulleys. The two cables on this outdoors of every single track. A push button in the vehicle strikesa gong in the engineers room, and a set of signals tostop, begin, and so on., enables the vehicles to run by Gregoryavenue when no passengers are to be taken or discharged.This wire is carried on a Y shaped insulated support, inwhich the composition forked ideas are set in glass insula-tors mounted on locust pins, the whole increasing ten inches (^Iaeetlf(ailw!a^ J^A/m/ 373

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S. A. COONEY, Constructing Engineer. above the ties. This signal wire is carried among twotrolley wheels, fastened to an arm projecting from thecar. The bigger wheel is 7 inches in diameter, i J^ inches wide with a three^inch groove. Thesmall wheel is ijiinches diameter. Atthe Gregory streetcrossing the signalwire is carried in aconduit getting a i }2inch slot throughwhich the wire israised the exact same asthe cables. The power home, aswill be noticed in theillustration, is a hand-some structure ofstone, with boiler roomin the rear 33 by 33feet, and engine space 60 by 33 feet space is left foradditional engines if required. The baywindow in front is the operating space andoccupies a commanding view of the line.In this room are the levers for controlling allthe machinery, like the air brakes,electric signal from the automobiles and the indica-tor which shows the location of the cars onthe incline. The indicator is also providedwith an automatic electric alarm which ringsa bell to announce the ap

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Image from page 397 of “The street railway evaluation” (1891)

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Identifier: streetrailway03amer
Title: The street railway assessment
Year: 1891 (1890s)
Authors: American Street Railway Association Street Railway Accountants’ Association of America American Railway, Mechanical, and Electrical Association
Subjects: Street-railroads
Publisher: Chicago : Street Railway Overview Pub. Co
Contributing Library: Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

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Car AT Top OF THE INCLINE. pound T rail. A maximum grade of 14.5 per cent con-tinues for 1550 feet, and about half way up the inclineGregory avenue is crossed on a level. This crossing is quite unusual in the building ofincline planes, and referred to as for special construction, as itwas not permisible to use an open conduit, as vehiclesconstantly cross the line. A narrow conduit was there- THE Reduced TERMINUS. entangled in the moving cable as long as the ropesare exposed. The arrangement is clearly shown in theillustrations. An additional novel device is the provision by which theconductor of every single auto is in continuous communication withthe engineer by indicates of an electric signal wire whichwill be noticed in the illustration as extending along the

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Searching UP THE GRADE. AT THE GREGORY STREET CROSSING. fore constructed in every single track, formed of two Z iron beams 8inches deep, set 12^ inches apart, with an I beamextending parallel between and therefore forming a doubleconduit in which two groove pulley wheels of 15 inchesdiameter are placed at intervals of 15 feet the I beambeing cut away on the under side where necessary tomake space for the pulleys. The two cables on this outside of every single track. A push button in the automobile strikesa gong in the engineers space, and a set of signals tostop, start off, etc., enables the automobiles to run by Gregoryavenue when no passengers are to be taken or discharged.This wire is carried on a Y shaped insulated assistance, inwhich the composition forked ideas are set in glass insula-tors mounted on locust pins, the whole rising 10 inches (^Iaeetlf(ailw!a^ J^A/m/ 373

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